Advanced High-Strength Steel (AHSS) forming challenges can lead to issues with the precision of part formation and stamping line productivity. The stamping industry is developing more advanced die designs as well as advanced manufacturing techniques to help reduce fractures and scrap associated with AHSS stamped from traditional presses. A Servo-driven Press1 is a significant option that has promising results when forming AHSS.
Characteristics of Servo Presses
A Servo Press is a press machine that uses a servomotor as the drive source. The advantage of the servomotor is that it can control both the position and speed of the output shaft compared to a constant cycle speed. In conventional mechanical presses, the press cycles at constant speed and press loads develop slowly, building power to their maximum force at bottom dead center (180-degree crank position), and then they reverse direction. In comparison, the Servo Press uses software to control press speed and position, which is much more flexible.
Servo Presses have a closed-loop feedback system to more accurately control cycle rate and loads, hence delivering a key advantage, which is the application of very high forming loads early in the stamping stroke. New forming techniques have been developed utilizing these features, and automakers are finding that with the use of the Servo Press, more complex part geometries can be achieved while maintaining dimensional precision.
Servo Presses have only been around for about 10 to 15 years, and so are considered “new technology” for the automotive industry. Recent growth in the use of Servo Presses parallels the increased use of AHSS in the structure of new automobiles. A cut-away of a Servo Press is shown below in Figure 1 to give a better understanding on the drive mechanism.
Figure 1: The Servo Press Cut-away 2
Types of Servo Presses
1) Servo motor and ball screw driven press: These Servo Presses employ ball screws to reduce the friction on the screws. Unlike traditional screw presses, this press does not require a clutch/flywheel and the slide velocity can be altered throughout forming. A notable feature of the ball screw type Servo Press is that the maximum force and slide speed are available at any slide position. This can be applied to almost all the forming methods. This capability proves to be very useful for forming with a long working stroke such as an extrusion, and for forming that requires a high-speed motion at the end of the formation.
The torque capacity of the servo motor, the load carrying capacity of the ball screw, and the reduction of the belt drive limit the maximum load. One solution to increase the power of the ball screw driven Servo Press is to increase the number of motors and driving axles (spindles). The only problem with this solution is the cost increases tremendously. Figure 2 shows a mechanism of hybrid Servo Press.
Figure 2: Operating mechanism of a hybrid Servo Press 3
2) Servomotor driven crank press: This press provides a lower-cost alternative compared to ball screw style Servo Presses. Crank presses have a high torque servomotor directly attached to the press drive shaft. A few press manufacturers developed C-Frame presses, which combine the servo driving mechanism with the conventional press structure. These presses are visually similar to mechanical presses, but the servo motor replaces the flywheel, clutch, and main motor. When the main shaft rotates at a constant speed, the stroke-time curve mirrors that of a conventional mechanical press. To increase power (for higher forming loads), crank presses are coupled with two connecting rods.
3) Servomotor driven linkage press: Linkage mechanisms are often used for presses to reduce the slide velocity and increase the load capacity of a given motor torque near the bottom dead center. Servomotor driven linkage presses prove to be advantageous in increasing the approaching and returning speeds by slowing down the slide speed in the working region within the stroke. They also have the advantage of maintaining high load capabilities through a considerably long working stroke.
4) Hybrid Servo Press: The knuckle joint and the linkage mechanisms are used to increase the press power with the crank shaft mechanism, and they can be combined with the ball screw mechanisms for Servo Presses.
5) Servomotor driven hydraulic press: These hydraulic presses have been developed because the high-power servomotors achieve higher slide speed compared with the conventional Hydraulic Presses .
Advantages of Servo Presses
Servo Press technology has many advantages compared to mechanical presses when working with AHSS materials. Press manufacturers and users claim advantages in stroke, speed, energy usage, quality, tool life and uptime; these of course are dependent upon part shape and forming complexity.
1) Adjustable Stroke: The Servo Press has an adjustable stroke; the slide motion can be programmed to exert the required press load for deep draw stampings and then switch to different program routines to allow for shallow part stampings, or even blanking. This makes the Servo Press very versatile.
2) Speed: Compared to a standard mechanical press, Servo Presses manufacturers claim up to 37% increased cycle rates, which translates into better stamping plant productivity. Figure 3 shows cycle rates for comparable stroke heights for both a Servo Press and a traditional mechanical press.
Figure 3: Cycle Rates for Servo and Mechanical Presses 3
3) Energy Savings: The Servo Press has no continuously driven flywheel, cutting the costs of energy consumption. This is especially true in large capacity presses. The installed motor power is greater than that of a mechanical press whose capacity is comparable. However, throughout the stamping operation, the servo-driven motor is used only while the press is moving since the Servo Press has no continuously driven flywheel. Also contributing to nominal energy savings is the dynamic braking operation of the servo driven motor. Through this operation, the braking energy is transferred back into the power system. It is also possible to install an external energy storage feature to make up for energy peaks while reducing the nominal power drawn from the local power supply system (in cases where it is economically justified).
Figure 4 shows a comparison between a Servo Press and a traditional mechanical press with respect to energy use and storage. In a Servo Press, energy from deceleration of the slide is stored in an external device and tapped when the press motion requires more than 235 HP for each motor. The stored energy (maximum of 470 HP) is thus used during peak power requirements, enabling the facility power load to remain nearly constant, around 70 HP.
Figure 4: Energy vs. Displacement for Servo Press 3
4) Quality: Better forming stability translates into fewer part rejections.
5) Longer tool life: Decreasing the tool impact speed while simultaneously reducing the cycle time reduces impact loading, thus maximizing tool life. Increased lubrication effectiveness has been observed and using pulsating or oscillating slide motion can further extend tool life.
6) Uptime: Synchronized clutching and extended brake life allow for less frequent maintenance and better equipment uptime.
We have much more information we can share with you about these presses, more than we can fit into one blog. We encourage you to download your free copy of the AHSS Application Guidelines at worldautosteel.org and have a look at Section 3.C.6. Our next blog will provide a case study on Press Energy.
Sources:
1 Dr. T. Altan, Professor at Ohio State University
2 Courtesy of AIDA America
3 Courtesy of P. Mooney archives
HEADER IMAGE SOURCE: Press line with ServoDirect Technology, courtesy of Schuler
Very Nice details of servo Presses
Thanks
You are most welcome!
My major concern with servo presses is the reliability of the servo motor itself and the cost associated with replacement. My understanding is that if / when a servo motor for a mid / large size stamping press (600 – 1000 tons) burns out, the cost of replacing the motor is 1/2 to 3/4 the cost of the new press. When the motor on a mechanical press burns out, we can just send it out to be rewound. Can’t do that with a servo motor.
Servo motors used in metal stamping presses appear to be extremely reliable.
I contacted a colleague who has been involved with the sale, installation and repair of servo presses for 20 years. The last time he inquired with his very well-known servo press manufacturer (about 6 months ago), they have never replaced a motor. They have replaced drives – after a decade-plus run time – but the cost to replace the drive is relatively low compared to the cost of the press. He expects the same would be true with other well-established servo press manufacturers, too.
Of course, anything is possible. If someone were to replace a servo motor after 20 or 30 years of use, the additional income that servo-mechanical press produced over that period, compared to a flywheel drive mechanical press, would probably overshadow the repair cost anyway.
Thank you Peter and Lloyd! We love when the blog leads to sharing information. Thank you for taking the time to comment!
Servo presses (including the newer servo-hydraulic types) are quickly replacing conventional variable speed mechanical presses (eccentric gear and link drive motion curves). Attach-detach modes are showing some promise towards improving formability with certain difficult materials. Control of slide motion curve and die/cushion pre-acceleration to reduce impact shocks are also improving formability, reducing impact and breakthrough shocks on tools, presses and parts. Many major press manufacturers are very focused upon servo presses since the technology is quickly maturing and migrating from solely achieving faster cycle rates towards also accomplishing improved formability.
Really appreciate this update on what’s happening in the field. Thank you!
Servo presses are not only technically top class, but also the achievable output is very remarkable.
Why?
To form a component a whole stroke is needed. And that, although only during about 30% of the total cycle time, true value creation “changing parts shape” on the component takes place.
The rest of the time is wasted time.
On a servo press the slide stroke height and the forming velocity are adjustable to the requirements of the forming part.
The effect of that in real life – more time per stroke to create value!
My experience is 30-50% more output in 3-axis transfer mode.
The system only needs to be set optimally.
You need help? http://www.FormingExperience.de
Great comment, thank you!
Recently I had the chance to work with one of our customers on servo press simulation. We have established modeling capability to simulate the unique servo press motion, such as the attach-detach mode, and predict necking failure using commercial software, PAM-STAMP. This capability helps the team to understand and predict any change of the material formability when the servo press slide motion and blank holder force are changed. Direct input of the servo press exported load and displacement data to FEM helps users increase the accuracy of simulation results.
Thank you for sharing your experience! It’s what makes this blog useful.
Arthur, thank you for the information. Can you comment on the ability to predict the press tonnage required for a servo press using simulation?
Does anyone have a case study that they could share that compares the press tonnage required in a conventional press vs. servo press for the same die?
Mike, please refer to one article at:
https://formingworld.com/adjusting-presses/
Regarding types of servo presses, when 5) Servomotor driven hydraulic press was mentioned, “These hydraulic presses have been developed because the high-power servomotors achieve higher slide speed compared with the conventional Servo Presses.” I think it should be conventional hydraulic presses instead of conventional Servo Presses?
Normally we know that the disadvantage of a hydraulic press is its unsatisfactory production speed.
Actually I think the wording is correct because it is referring to the servomotor, which is providing a faster process compared to other types of Servo Presses, according to our sources.
I believe the wording is not correct. It should be as follows:
“These hydraulic presses have been developed because the high-power servomotors achieve higher slide speed compared with the conventional Hydraulic Presses.”
It is also essential to note that hydraulic servo presses could be built by using conventional electric motor and servo (proportional) valves or using servo motors and simple pumps/valves. Servo hydraulic presses can be faster than conventional hydraulic presses, but typicall not faster than servo-mechanical presses.
Hi Eren, and Allison! I fixed that line as you indicated. Thank you!
One of the advantages of Servo Hydraulic Presses is certainly higher speed versus “open loop” Hydraulic Presses (variable volume pumps powered by constant velocity electric motors) that return oil to tank versus directly back to the inlet of the pump (“closed loop”). With both presses, however, the lack of any mechanical crank or linkage allows extreme flexibility in slide motion profiles, and very fast closing/forming velocities. In some cases, a Servo Hydraulic Press might be capable of running at faster velocities for a portion of the press cycle than a Servo Mechanical Press (but is unlikely to run faster than a Servo Mechanical press for the complete cycle, or strokes per minute).
Hi Allison, I’m sorry I missed this comment before. It is changed now. thank you!!
As long as you are considering the capex of a new press, you should also consider including a servo driven segmented cushion. Segmentation allows for even finer control of metal flow across the part. Pre-acceleration minimizes the shock that Dean refers to. Controlling the cushion pressure throughout the stroke is useful to “post-stretch” the stamping to minimize springback.
– Danny Schaeffler
Engineering Quality Solutions, Inc. and 4M Partners, LLC
http://www.EQSgroup.com and http://www.Learning4M.com
Thank you for that great input, Danny.
All of the benefits of a servo press presented sound very logical to someone that knows stampings. Are any case studies available from an end user who have documented the actual savings achieved from using a servo press to produce a stamping compared to a mechanical press?
Customers that use servo presses admit to these efficiencies, but they are reluctant to publish case studies since many of these advantages are attained through a learning curve and they would have to divulge the learnings that give them an advantage in the marketplace.
There are a few more advantages touted by stampers that aren’t mentioned above:
-Because of the change in press cycle, the press is much quieter. The typical pounding of the press during its stamping cycle is eliminated, reducing die fatigue yet increasing cycle times.
-Changing the press cycle has allowed some stampers to use a less expensive, less formable grade without increasing rejects or compromising dimensional tolerance. For example, one plant was able to switch from IF EDDS+ to a less formable grade on a large production part using a servo press since the modified press cycle improved the FLC for the part.